إبراهيم متفرقة ودوره في إنشاء المطبعة العربية 1670-1744

Ahmed bin Ismail Jawdat, Tareekh Jawdat, translated by Abdul Qadir al-Dana, part 1, Al-Jarida Press, Beirut, 1308 AH, p. 82.

Khaled Salman Shadhan Al-Zuhairi, Letters of Reform and Their Impact on Reforming the Internal Conditions in the Ottoman Empire, Dar Al Badia, 1st Edition, Jordan, 2017, p. 191.

Calvinism is attributed to Calvin (1509-1564), who led European society in breaking out of the Catholic Church and the emergence of what is known as Protestants, influenced by the ideas of (Martin Luther) in Prussia (present-day Germany). Calvin’s call was more comprehensive, as it spread throughout Europe, unlike Luther who His invitation was limited to Prussia. For more details, review Muhammad Arkoun, Islam. Europe. the West. Translation and contribution of Hashem Saleh, Dar Al-Saqi, 3rd edition, Beirut, 2001, p. 77.

Suhail Saban, Ibrahim Mutaqarah and his efforts in establishing the Arabic printing press and his publications, revised by Abbas Salih Tashkandi, Riyadh, 1995, p. 38.

Salim Nazhat, The History of Printing in Turkey 1729-1929, translated and commented by Suhail Saban, King Fahd National Library, Saudi Arabia, 1993, p. 38.

The same source, pg.

Wahid Qaddoura, The Beginnings of Arabic Printing in Istanbul and the Levant, King Fahd National Library, Riyadh, 1993, pp. 261–262.

Suhail Saban, previous source, p. 45.

The same source, pg. 46.

A politician in the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth-century AD, famous for his embassy in France, and the book he wrote under this name was licensed by the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Pasarovja in 1718 AD. He returned from Paris in 1721 AD after spending a full year there, and was appointed to the Humayun Court, He continued there until 1730, when he was exiled to Cyprus and died there in 1732, according to Suhail Saban, the previous source.

Wan Quli: It is a book (Taj al-Lughah wa Sihah al-Arabiya) by Abu Nasr Ismail al-Gohari (Died: 395 AH). The book was translated into Turkish by Mustafa al-Wani, known as (Alwan Gholi) in relation to Lake Wan and was printed in two volumes in 1729 AD. There is a copy Rare of it in the museum library in Mosul. Naseebah Abdul Aziz Al-Hajj Allawi, Reformist Trends in the Ottoman Empire 1623-1789, unpublished PhD thesis, College of Arts, University of Mosul, 2006, p. 219 reviews.

The same source, p. 219, Uriel Hyde, the position of scholars on reforms in the reigns of Salim III and Mahmoud II, translated by Abd al-Latif al-Hares, Journal of Jihad, Issues 45, 46, Year 11, Beirut, 2000, p. 28.

Wahid Qaddoura, previous source, p. 129.

The same source, p. 130.

Suhail Saban, previous source, p. 52.

The same source, pg. 53.

Salim Nazhat, the previous source, pg. 47.

Wahid Qaddoura, previous source, p. 265.

Khalil Sabbat, The History of Printing in the Arab East, Dar Al Maaref, Cairo, 1965, p. 29.

Waheed Qadora, previous source, pg. 272, Salim Nazhat, previous source, pg. 49.

Suhail Sabbat, previous source, p. 157.

Ibrahim Effendi (1670-1730) is the brother-in-law of Sultan Ahmed III. He gained the Sultan’s trust and became one of his special advisors. In 1709 he was appointed to the Accountability Department of the Two Holy Mosques, then in 1716 he was appointed as a minister. The Sultan married him to his daughter in the same year and became in 1718 An even greater issue, he signed in the same year the Treaty of Basarovga to end the war. He was killed in 1730 due to the disobedience of Patrona Khalil. He had a prominent role in establishing a separate printing press... See Suhail Saban, the previous source, pg. 46.

Ahmed Jawdat Pasha, Tarikh Jawdat, Dursadat (Istanbul) Ottoman Press, 2nd Edition, 1309 AH, p. 76.

Some sources mentioned that Ibrahim was a relative of a scattered group, and other sources mention that Ibrahim was the son of a scattered group, and the researcher did not reach the weighting of either opinion.

Ahmed Jawdat Pasha, previous source, p. 77.

Salim Nazhat, previous source, p. 75, Suhail Saban, previous source, p. 162.