الملخص
وقع غلطٌ عند بعض أهل العلم في الخوارج والبغاة حيث لم يفرِّقوا بين الفئتين؛ فمنهم من جعل كلَّ من خرج على أميره من الخوارج المارقين وهذا يغلب في كتب المقالات، ومنهم من جعل الخَوارج المبتدِعين في الدِّين مجرَّد بغاة، وهذا يكثر في مختصرات الفقه، ومبدأه من الأحناف ثمَّ الشافعية.
وجاء هذا البحث ليثبت وقوع الغلط، ويكشف أسبابه، ثمَّ يبين الفروق بأدلِّتها، وآثار ذلك.
كما يبين البحث أنَّ التفريق هو الموقف الصحيح، وتستند صحَّته على النصوص الشرعية التي ذمَّت الخوارج وأمرت بقتلهم وقتالهم، بينما أمرت بالإصلاح بين المسلمين، إلى جانب أن دلالتها مبنية على فهوم الصَّحابة وتطبيقاتِهم، وبالذات: عليُّ بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه، ومن شاركه من جمهور الصَّحابة في أيَّامه بسبب أنَّه أول من ابتلي بالطائفتين.
وقد اهتدى أئمَّة الحديث للفَرْق، فبوَّبوا لقتال الخوارج ولم يبوِّبوا لقتال البغاة، وهو ما تمليه النُّصوص، ويقضي به فهم الصحابة.
وخلُص البحث إلى أنَّ الخوارج يختلفون عن البغاة في جهات، أهمُّها: أنَّ الخوارج ينطلقون من موقفٍ عقدي يكفر المسلمين، بينما البغاة ينطلقون من مصالح دنيويَّة، كما أنَّ تأويل الخوارج تأويلٌ بدعيٌّ فاسد، وتأويل البغاة إما أن يكون سائغًا وإما أن يكون ذنبًا مجردًا، كما أنَّه يجوز ابتداء الخوارج بالقتال، وأمَّا البغاة فيسعى المسلمون في استصلاحهم ولا يُقاتَلون إلا بعد تعذُّر مساعي الصُّلح، وهناك فروقٌ فقهية أعرض عنها البحث لعدم التَّخصص.
وأوصى البحث بضرورة دراسة الفروق دراسةً عقديَّة تاريخيَّة فقهيَّة تلمُّ أطراف الموضوع جمعًا، وتفحصه تحليلًا ونقدًا؛ بسبب أنَّ هذا البحث إنَّما اقتصر على الجانب العقدي بسبب التَّخصص.
المراجع
Inform the signatories on the authority of the Lord of the Worlds, by Muhammad bin Abi Bakr bin Ayyub, known as Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah, presented to him, commented on it and produced his hadiths and effects: Abu Ubaidah Mashhur bin Hassan Al Salman, participated in the production: Abu Omar Ahmad Abdullah Ahmad, publisher: Ibn Al-Jawzi House for Publishing and Distribution - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, First Edition, 1423 AH.
Persuasion in the jurisprudence of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, by al-Hijjawi, the investigator: Abd al-Latif Muhammad Musa al-Sobky, publisher: Dar al-Maarifa Beirut - Lebanon.
Mother, by Shafi’i, Publisher: Dar al-Maarifa - Beirut, edition without edition, year of publication: 1410 AH - 1990AD.
Anwar al-Burooq fi Anwa al-Faruq, by al-Qurafi, the publisher: The World of Books.
Al-Bahr Al-Ra'iq, Explanation of the Treasure of the Minutes, by Ibn Nujim, and at the end: The complement of the pure sea by Muhammad ibn Husayn bin Ali al-Turi al-Hanafi al-Qadri, and with the footnote: The Gift of the Creator by Ibn Abdin, Publisher: Dar al-Kitab al-Islami, second edition - undated.
The Beginning and the End, by Ibn Katheer, Publisher: Dar Al-Fikr, Year of Publication: 1407 AH - 1986 AD.
Badaa` al-Sanai`a in the Arrangement of Shari`a, by Al-Kasani, Publisher: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Second Edition, 1406 AH - 1986 AD.
Reaching the Maram from the Evidence of Rulings, by Ibn Hajar, the investigator: Dr. Maher Yassin Al-Fahal, Publisher: Dar Al-Qabas for Publishing and Distribution, Riyadh - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, First Edition, 1435 AH - 2014 AD.
The History of ibn Khaldun, by Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Muhammad, Ibn Khaldun Abu Zayd, the investigator: Khalil Shehadeh, publisher: Dar Al Fikr, Beirut Second Edition, 1408 AH - 1988 AD.
The history of Baghdad and its consequences, by Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi, the publisher: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya - Beirut, study and investigation: Mustafa Abdul-Qader Atta, first edition, 1417 AH.
The History of Damascus, by Abi Al-Qasim Ali bin Al-Hassan bin Heba Allah, known as Ibn Asaker, the investigator: Amr bin Thamih Al-Omarwi, Publisher: Dar Al-Fikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Publication Year: 1415 AH - 1995 AD.
The History of al-Tabari, by Muhammad bin Jarir bin Yazid bin Katheer bin Ghaleb al-Amili, Abu Jaafar al-Tabari, publisher: Dar al-Turath - Beirut, second edition - 1387 AH.
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Tafsir of the Great Qur’an), the investigator: Sami bin Muhammad Salama, the publisher: Taibah House for Publishing and Distribution, Edition: Second Edition 1420 AH - 1999 AD.
Tafsir al-Baghawi (Milestones of Tafsir in Tafsir of the Qur’an), by Abu Muhammad al-Husayn bin Masoud al-Baghawi, who investigated and produced his hadiths: Muhammad Abdullah al-Nimr - Othman Jumah Dumayriyah - Sulayman Muslim al-Harsh, publisher: Taibah House for Publishing and Distribution, 4th edition, 1417 AH - 1997 AD.
Tafsir al-Tabari (Jami al-Bayan on the interpretation of the verse of the Qur’an), edited by: Dr. Abdullah al-Turki, in cooperation with the Center for Islamic Research and Studies at Dar Hajar, Dr. Abdul-Sanad Hassan Yamama, Publisher: Dar Hajar for Printing, Publishing, Distribution and Advertising, Edition: First, 1422 AH - 2001 AD.
The complementary part of the classes of Ibn Saad [the fifth layer in those who were arrested by the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace. They are the events of the teeth], by Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Saad bin Munea al-Hashemi with loyalty, Al-Basri, Al-Baghdadi, known as Ibn Saad, edited by: Muhammad bin Samil Al-Salami, publisher: Al-Siddiq Library - Taif, first edition, 1414 AH - 1993 AD.
Hilyat al-Awliya and Layqat As-Safia, by Abu Naim Al-Asbahani, Publisher: Al-Saada - Beside the Governorate of Egypt, 1394 AH - 1974 AD.
Al-Thakhira, by Al-Karafi, Al-Mohaqiq: A Group of Researchers, Publisher: Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami - Beirut, First Edition, 1994 AD.
Al-Muhtar's Response to Al-Dur Al-Mukhtar, by Ibn Abdin, Publisher: Dar Al-Fikr - Beirut, Second Edition, 1412 AH - 1992 AD.
Rawdat al-Talibeen and the Umdah of the Muftis, by al-Nawawi, edited by: Zuhair al-Shawish, Publisher: The Islamic Office, Beirut - Damascus - Amman, Third Edition, 1412 AH / 1991 AD.
Sunan Ibn Majah, edited by: Muhammad Fuad Abd al-Baqi, the publisher: House of Revival of Arabic Books - Faisal Issa al-Babi al-Halabi.
Sunan Abi Dawood, Investigator: Muhammad Muhyiddin Abdel Hamid, Publisher: Modern Library, Saida - Beirut.
Sunan al-Tirmidhi, investigation and commentary: Ahmad Muhammad Shaker, Muhammad Fu’ad Abd al-Baqi, and Ibrahim Atwa Awad, Publisher: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi Library and Press Company - Egypt, second edition, 1395 AH - 1975 CE.
Al-Sunan Al-Kubra, by Al-Bayhaqi, the investigator: Muhammad Abdul-Qadir Atta, Publisher: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut - Lebanon, third edition, 1424 AH - 2003 AD.
Sunan al-Nasa’i, edited by: Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghuddah, Publisher: Islamic Publications Office - Aleppo, Second Edition, 1406 - 1986 AD.
The Sunnah, by Ibn Abi Asim, the investigator: Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani, Publisher: The Islamic Office - Beirut, Edition: First, 1400 AH.
The Sunnah, by Abu Bakr Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Harun bin Yazid al-Khalal, the investigator: Dr. gift Al-Zahrani, Publisher: Dar Al-Raya - Riyadh, First Edition, 1410 AH - 1989 AD.
The Sunnah, to Abdullah bin Al-Imam Ahmad, the investigator: Dr. Muhammad bin Saeed bin Salem Al-Qahtani, publisher: Dar Ibn Al-Qayyim - Dammam, Edition: First, 1406 AH - 1986 AD.
Biographies of the Flags of the Nobles, Al-Dhahabi, Al-Muhaqiq: a group of investigators under the supervision of Sheikh Shuaib Al-Arnaout, Publisher: Al-Risalah Foundation, Third Edition, 1405 AH / 1985 AD.
Explanation of the Origins of the Belief of the People of the Sunnah and the Community, by Al-Kai'i, edited by: Ahmed Bin Saad Bin Hamdan Al-Ghamdi, Publisher: Dar Taiba - Saudi Arabia, Edition: Eighth, 1423 AH / 2003AD.
A Brief Explanation of Khalil Lakhrashi, by Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Khurshi al-Maliki, publisher: Dar Al Fikr Printing Press - Beirut, unprinted and undated edition.
Sharh Al-Nawawi Ali Muslim (Al-Minhaj Sharh Sahih Muslim ibn Al-Hajjaj), by Al-Nawawi, publisher: House of Revival of Arab Heritage - Beirut, 2nd edition, 1392 AH.
Al-Sharia, by Al-Ajri, the investigator: Dr. Abdullah bin Omar bin Sulaiman Al-Dumaiji, publisher: Dar Al-Watan - Riyadh, 2nd edition, 1420 AH - 1999 AD.
Sahih Akhbar Siffin, An-Nahrawan, and General of the Community by Fawaz Bin Farhan Al-Shammari, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut, First Edition, 1440 AH.
Sahih Al-Bukhari, the investigator: Muhammad Zuhair Bin Nasser Al-Nasser, Publisher: Dar Tawq Al-Najat (illustrated on the Sultanate with the addition of Muhammad Fuad Abdul-Baqi numbering), first edition, 1422 AH.
Sahih Muslim, the investigator: Muhammad Fouad Abdel-Baqi, publisher: House of Revival of Arab Heritage - Beirut.
The Ills and the Knowledge of Men, by Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, The Verifier: Wassay Allah Ibn Muhammad Abbas, Publisher: Dar Al-Khani - Riyadh, Second Edition, 1422 AH - 2001 AD.
Fatwas of Al-Barazli (Collector of Issues of Rulings of the Issues of the Muftis and Rulers), by Abu Al-Qasim bin Ahmed Al-Balawi, known as Al-Barzli, presented and investigated by: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Al-Habib Al-Haila, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, First Edition 2002 AD.
Fath al-Bari, Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, by Ibn Hajar, publisher: Dar al-Maarifa - Beirut, 1379, the number of his books, chapters, and hadiths: Muhammad Fuad Abd al-Baqi, directed, corrected and published by: Moheb al-Din al-Khatib, commented by the scholar: Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah Ben Baz.
Fatah Al-Qadeer, by Al-Kamal Ibn Al-Hamam, Publisher: Dar Al-Fikr, Edition without edition and without date.
The Virtues of the Companions, by Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal, the verifier: Dr. Wasy Allah Muhammad Abbas, Publisher: The Resala Foundation - Beirut, First Edition, 1403-1983 AD.
The benefits of groups by Abd al-Rahman bin Yahya al-Muallami, edited by: Ali al-Imran and Nabil bin Nassar Al-Sindi, the world of benefits house.
Al-Kafi fi Fiqh of the People of Madinah, by Ibn Abd al-Barr, the investigator: Muhammad Muhammad Ahid was born Madik al-Mauritani, Publisher: Riyadh Modern Library, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, second edition, 1400 AH / 1980AD.
The book compiled on hadiths and reports, by Abu Bakr bin Abi Shaybah, the verifier: Kamal Youssef Al-Hout, Publisher: Al-Rashed Library - Riyadh, First Edition, 1409 AH.
Kashshaaf Al-Maska on the body of Al-Iqnaa, by Al-Bahouti, publisher: Dar Al-Kutub Al-'Ilmiyya
Al-Astar revealed Zawa'id al-Bazar, by Al-Haythami, edited by: Habib Al-Rahman Al-Azhami, Publisher: Al-Risalah Foundation, Beirut, First Edition, 1399 AH - 1979 AD.
Lisan al-Arab, by Ibn Manzur, Publisher: Dar Sader - Beirut, Third Edition - 1414 AH.
Lisan Al-Meezan, by Ibn Hajar, The Investigator: The Systematic Identifier Department - India, Publisher: Al-Alamy Foundation for Publications, Beirut - Lebanon, 2nd edition, 1390 AH / 1971AD.
Al-Mabsut, by Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Abi Sahl Shams al-Imams al-Sarkhasi, publisher: Dar Knowledge – Beirut.
Majmoo 'al-Fatwas, La Bin Taymiyyah, the investigator: Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Qasim, publisher: King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Noble Qur’an - Madinah - the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, year of publication: 1416 AH -1995 CE.
Editor in Jurisprudence on the Madhhab of Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, by Abd al-Salam Ibn Taymiyyah, Abu al-Barakat, Majd al-Din, Publisher: Library of Knowledge - Riyadh, second edition 1404 AH-1984AD.
Al-Mahali Balathar, La Bin Hazm Al-Andalusi, Publisher: Dar Al-Fikr - Beirut, edition without edition and without date.
Al-Mustadrak Ali Al-Sahihain, by Al-Hakim, edited by: Mustafa Abdel-Qader Atta, Publisher: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya - Beirut, First Edition, 1990-1411 AD.
The Musnad of Imam Al-Darami, studied, controlled and edited by: Dr. Marzouq bin Hayas Al Marzouq Al-Zahrani, publisher: (without publisher) (printed at the expense of businessman Sheikh Jamaan bin Hassan Al-Zahrani), first edition, 1436 AH - 2015 AD.
Musnad al-Bazzar published in the name of al-Bahr al-Zakhkhar, the investigator: Mahfouz al-Rahman Zainullah, Adel bin Saad, and Sabri Abd al-Khaleq al-Shafi’i, publisher: Library of Science and Governance - Medina, first edition, (started 1988 AD, ended 2009 AD).
The compiler, by Abd al-Razzaq, the investigator: Habib al-Rahman al-Azami, Publisher: The Scientific Council - India, second edition, 1403 AH.
Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir, by al-Tabarani, the verifier: Hamdi Ibn Abd al-Majid al-Salafi, Publishing House: Ibn Taymiyyah Library - Cairo, second edition.
The Dictionary of Language Standards, by Ahmad Ibn Faris, the investigator: Abd al-Salam Muhammad Harun, Publisher: Dar al-Fikr, year of publication: 1399 AH - 1979 AD.
Mughni al-Mughni who needs to know the meanings of the words of the Minhaj, by Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Khatib al-Sherbini al-Shafi’i, Publisher: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, first edition, 1415 AH - 1994 CE.
Al-Mughni by Ibn Qudama, Publisher: Cairo Library, edition without edition, Publication date: 1388 AH - 1968 AD.
Articles of Islamists and the Difference of Worshipers, by Abu Al-Hassan Al-Ash'ari, Investigator: Naim Zarzour, Publisher: The Modern Library, First Edition, 1426 AH - 2005 AD.
Al-Milal and Al-Nahl, by Shahrastani, Publisher: Al-Halabi Foundation
Al-Manqab Al-Shafi’i, by Al-Bayhaqi, the investigator: Mr. Ahmed Saqr, Publisher: Dar Al-Turath Library - Cairo, First Edition, 1390 AH - 1970 AD.
Al-Manthur fi al-Qawam al-Fiqh al-Fiqh, by Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi, Publisher: Kuwaiti Ministry of Endowments, Second Edition, 1405 AH - 1985 CE.
The Approach to the Sunnah of the Prophet in Refuting the Words of the Fatalistic Shiites, by Ibn Taymiyyah, the investigator: Muhammad Rashad Salem, Publisher: Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, First Edition, 1406 AH - 1986 AD.
Muwatta Malik, with the narration of Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani, commentary and investigation by Abd al-Wahhab Abd al-Latif, publisher: The Scientific Library, Edition: second, revised supplement.
The Balance of Moderation in Criticism of Men, by Al-Dhahabi, the investigator: Muhammad Radwan Irqsousi, Muhammad Barakat, Ammar Rihawi, Ghiyath Al-Hajj Ahmed, and Fadi Al-Maghribi, publisher: The International Message Foundation - Damascus, Edition: First, 1430 AH - 2009 AD.
The Prophets, by Ibn Taymiyyah, the investigator: Abdul Aziz bin Saleh Al-Tuwyan, Publisher: Adwaa Al-Salaf, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Edition: The First, 1420 AH / 2000 AD.
Neil Al-Awtar, by Al-Shawkani, edited by: Essam Al-Din Al-Sabbati, Publisher: Dar Al-Hadith, Egypt, First Edition, 1413 AH - 1993 AD.

هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.